A testicular biopsy is a test to remove a small sample of tissue from one or both testicles and examine it under a microscope to evaluate a man's ability to father a child.

The testicles (testes) are oval-shaped glands that hang in the scrotum beneath the base of the penis. The testicles produce sperm (necessary for reproduction) and male hormones, such as testosterone.

Why It Is Done

A testicular biopsy may, on rare occasions, be done to help determine the cause of male infertility. Testicular biopsy may be done if both of the following are present:

• The man's semen has an abnormal sperm count.
• Hormone test results are within the normal range.

Testicular biopsy is not usually used to detect testicular cancer. When cancer is suspected, an open surgical procedure (orchiectomy) is done to confirm the diagnosis.

How To Prepare

Before having a testicular biopsy, be sure to tell your doctor if you:

• Have had any bleeding problems.
• Are allergic to any medications, including anesthetics.
• Take any medications regularly. Be sure your doctor knows the names and doses of all your medications.
• Are taking any blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin), heparin, enoxaparin (Lovenox), aspirin, ibuprofen, or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

You will need to sign a consent form that says you understand the risks of a testicular biopsy and agree to have the biopsy. Talk to your health professional about any concerns you have regarding the need for the biopsy, any alternative methods for the biopsy, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will indicate. To help you understand the importance of the biopsy, fill out the medical test information form (What is a PDF document?) .

If a testicular biopsy is done under local anesthesia, no other special preparation is needed.

If the biopsy is done under general anesthesia, do not eat or drink anything for 8 to 12 hours before the biopsy. During preparation for the biopsy, an intravenous line (IV) is inserted in your arm, and a sedative medication is given about an hour before the biopsy.